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低价离子分离膜及其在提锂领域的应用

作者：郑卓凡，王保国

单位：清华大学化学工程与低碳技术国家重点实验室，北京 100084

关键词：膜分离；离子筛；提锂；Li+/Mg2+分离

DOI号： 10.16159/j.cnki.issn1007-8924.2025.05.019

分类号： TQ028.8； TS396.5

出版年,卷(期):页码： 2025,45(5):191-206

摘要：

锂、镁等低价态离子在能源存储、环境保护和资源利用等方面，发挥着日益重要的作用，特别是电动汽车及电化学储能的发展，导致全球锂产品需求量激增，高效环保的提锂技术成为研究热点。本文对低价选择性离子交换膜的分离机理及制备方法进行了综述，重点讨论了膜分离技术在提锂过程中的应用现状及相关研究热点。纳滤、电渗析等膜技术在关键的分盐、盐浓缩方面展现出优异的分离效果，但在膜通量与选择性的trade-off效应、运行过程的长期稳定性，以及装置成本等方面仍有制约瓶颈亟需突破，规模化应用仍是严重挑战。未来研究需聚焦膜材料结构优化和新工艺开发，兼具“离子筛分”与离子交换双重功能的离子膜具有重要研究价值。尽早突破多离子复杂溶液分离纯化技术瓶颈，对推动锂资源高效提取与循环利用至关重要。

Low-valent ions such as lithium and magnesium are playing increasingly significant roles in energy storage, environmental protection and resource utilization. Particularly, the rapid development of electric vehicles and battery energy storage systems has triggered a surge in global demand for lithium resources, making highly efficient and environmentally friendly lithium extraction technologies as a key research focus. This review systematically summarizes the separation mechanisms and preparation strategies of low-valent ion separation membranes, with particular emphasis on analyzing the current applications and research hotspots of membrane separation technology in lithium extraction processes.While nanofiltration and electrodialysis demonstrate excellent separation effects in key aspects such as salt separation and concentration, challenges such as the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, long-term stability, and high operational costs remain unresolved. Large-scale application remains a serious challenge. Future research needs to focus on the optimization of membrane material structures and the development of new processes. Ion membranes with dual functions of “ion sieving” and ion exchange are of significant research value. Breaking through the bottleneck of separating and purifying complex solutions composed of multiple ions as soon as possible is crucial to promoting the efficient extraction and recycling of lithium resources.

基金项目：

国家自然科学基金项目（22278239）; 国家重点研发计划（2022YFB2404903）; 中国石油化工股份有限公司立项支持项目（224317）

作者简介：

郑卓凡（2001-），男，河北唐山人，博士研究生，研究方向为离子分离膜

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