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血液透析膜的抗凝改性研究进展

作者：谢松辰，奚振宇，陈佳桐，李韶华，张新妙

单位：中石化（北京）化工研究院有限公司，北京 100013

关键词：血液透析膜；抗凝改性；本体改性；表面接枝；血液相容性

DOI号： 10.16159/j.cnki.issn1007-8924.2026.01.019

分类号： R318.08; TQ051.893

出版年,卷(期):页码： 2026,46(1):219-229

摘要：

血液透析膜作为终末期肾病及多种血液净化治疗的关键载体，其抗凝性能直接影响透析效率与使用安全性。当前透析膜多采用聚醚砜（PES）、聚砜（PSf）及聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）等疏水性聚合物制备，虽具备优良的机械与化学稳定性，但易诱导蛋白吸附与血小板黏附，进一步引发凝血级联反应，限制了其在长期透析中的应用。围绕降低肝素依赖与提升生物相容性，近年来研究主要集中于透析膜的表面与本体抗凝改性。本文系统综述了表面活化、涂层构筑、自组装接枝、仿肝素界面等表面改性路径，以及磺化／羧化结构调控、活性小分子共价接枝、功能聚合物共混及抗凝与抗氧化协同构筑等本体功能化策略，重点讨论其抗凝机制、材料稳定性及工程可实现性，并进一步比较了不同策略的优势及局限。研究表明，多机制协同构筑有望突破单一改性的性能瓶颈，为开发低肝素或无肝素透析膜提供重要方向。本研究旨在为高性能透析膜的材料设计与产业化应用提供理论参考。

Hemodialysis membranes serve as essential carriers in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment and various blood purification modalities, and their anticoagulant performance directly determine dialysis efficiency and clinical safety. Currently commercial membranes are predominantly prepared from hydrophobic polymers such as polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PSf), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Although these materials possess excellent mechanical and chemical stability, they readily induce protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, subsequently triggering coagulation cascades and compromising long-term dialysis performance. To reduce dependence on systemic heparin administration and improve hemocompatibility, recent research has focused on surface and bulk anticoagulant modification of dialysis membranes. This review summarizes major surface-engineering strategies, including surface activation, coating construction, layer-by-layer self-assembly, and heparin-mimetic modifications, as well as bulk modification approaches such as sulfonation/carboxylation, covalent grafting of active anticoagulant molecules, functional polymer blending, and anticoagulation-antioxidation synergistic design. Particular attention is given to the associated mechanisms, structural stability and manufacturing feasibility, followed by a comparative evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each strategy. Current evidence suggests that multi-mechanism synergistic modification may overcome the performance bottlenecks of single-mode modification and provides a promising pathway for developing low-heparin or heparin-free dialysis membranes. This work aims to offer theoretical guidance for the design and industrial translation of high-performance hemodialysis membranes.

基金项目：

中国石化科技开发项目（225061)

作者简介：

谢松辰（1996-），男，北京人，工程师，研究方向为超微滤膜的制备及改性

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